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The Environment studies is a multi-disciplinary science comprising of various branches of studies like chemistry, physical science, life science, agriculture, health, sanitary engineering etc.Environmental Studies may be an interesting subject having30 questions inCTET and otherState TET Exams.The Environmental Science section divides its questions into two parts: Subject Content which consist of 15 marks and EVS Pedagogy which consist of 15 marks. It is advised is to study the NCERT books from class 1 to 8 of to prepare well for CTET Exam. The current article will give few important points on the topic Friends and Family.

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FOOD AND NUTRITION

Foods are the substances which are essential for growth and development of an organism. All living organism need food, some of organisms such as plant make their own food by process of photosynthesis while animals obtain their food from plants and other animal.

Nutrition:
• Process of obtaining nutrients or food is called nutrition.
• Nutrients are the organic or inorganic substances which help in our survival and maintaining proper health.
• On the basis of the quantity required by the body nutrients are classified into two categories:
1. Macro Nutrients: These nutrients are required by body in large amount. E.g. carbohydrate, fat and protein.
2. Micro Nutrients: These nutrients are required only in minute or very small amount. e.g., minerals and vitamins. Micro nutrients basically help in regulation of different functions of body.

Different Components of Food

(a) Carbohydrates:
They are chemically made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It provides energy to organism and it is primary source of energy to all living being on the Earth.
These are the cheapest sources of energy. There are three types of carbohydrate that animal consume in food. These are (i) Starch, (ii) Sugars (in) Cellulose.

I. Common Sources of Carbohydrates:
• Starch: Cereals (wheat, rice and maize), millets (bajra, jowar, barley roots and tubers (sweet potato, tapioca and potato).
• Sugar: Sugarcane, beet root, fruits (banana, mango, sapota or chiku), milk, honey etc. Cellulose Cell walls of fruits, vegetables and cereals.
• During digestion both starch and sugars are absorbed as glucose. The surplus glucose is changed into glycogen which is stored in the liver for subsequent use.
• Cellulose is a fibrous substance which is not digested by human body. However, it serves as roughage and facilitates bowel (stool) movement.
• A normal person needs about 400-500 grams of carbohydrates daily in the diet. A growing child, a lactating mother and a person doing hard physical work need more carbohydrates than an average person because of their greater energy requirements.

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II. Various Functions of Carbohydrates
• Lactose sugar promotes growth of intestinal bacteria that facilitate the absorption of calcium.
• Excess carbohydrates are converted into glycogen and serve as reserve sources of energy.
• Glucose is the only source of energy for the central nervous system.

(b) Fats:
Fats are also compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but it has more carbon and hydrogen and less oxygen. Fats are member of lipid family; they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent.
• They are richest source of energy but not the primary source of energy. One gram of fat on oxidation gives about 9.0 kcal (37 kilojoules) of energy.
• Fats are obtained from ghee, butter, oil, meat, cheese, milk, cakes, cream etc. Fats perform many functions in the body like
(i) As a source of energy.
(ii) As a component of cell and tissues.
(iii) Fats help in absorption of many fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).
(iv) Fat helps in synthesis of vitamin D and steroid hormone in the body.
(v) Fats are stored in the body and act as an insulator to cold weather and any external shock.

(c) Proteins:
Proteins are complex organic molecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen mainly but sometimes it also contain sulphur and phosphorus.
• Proteins are made up of many amino acids. So, amino acids are basic units of proteins. Amino acids are of two types
1. Essential Amino Acid: These amino acids are not synthesized in human body so it is very important to take them from outside in the form of food.
2. Non-Essential Amino Acid: These amino acids are synthesized in the animal body.
• Proteins can be obtained from the pulses, legumes, nuts, milk, fish, liver, egg, cheese etc.
• Protein performs many functions and some of them are following

Proteins are the structural component of body and are required in building and maintaining body tissues.
– Enzymes are made up of protein and these enzymes help in digestion so protein play role in digestion.
– Many hormones are made up of protein, so protein plays an important role in regulation of different function of body.
– Protein also plays an important role in transport, e.g. hemoglobin helps in transport of oxygen in the blood
– Proteins help in fighting against any disease and infection.

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(d) Vitamins:
• They are chemical substance required by body in very small amount.
• They are essential for proper metabolic functions of body, good health of body and protect body from various diseases.
• Vitamins are not synthesized in body except Vitamin D, so it is important to take them from outside.
• Functions, source and daily requirement of different vitamins are given in the following table:

Vitamins : Their Functions and Sources
Vitamin	Daily Requirement for 13 – 15 Year child	Functions	Best and Sources
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)	1.3 mg (boys) 1.2 mg (girls)	Carbohydrate metabolism; sharpens appetite; functioning of heart, nerve and muscles.	Yeast; liver, milk; cheese; leafy vegetables, meat; whole grain cereals.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)	1.6 mg (boys) 1.4 mg (girls)	Carbohydrate and protein metabolism; keeps skin healthy.	Milk, liver meat: eggs peas, yeast; whole grains; green leafy vegetables.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)	1.8 mg (boys) 1.5 mg (girls)	Protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Keeps the skin healthy.	Fish; eggs; meat; legumes; whole grains; leafy vegetables, peanuts; bean; tomato: potato.
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)	0.2 – 100 mg	Blood formation, Nervous tissue metabolism, Nucleic acid synthesis.	Liver; fish; cheese; milk, eggs, meat.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)	40 mg	Resistance to infections; keeping teeth, gums and joints healthy; healing of cuts and wounds, maintenance of connective tissue.	Amia, cabbage; tomatoes, lemon, orange; mangoes; chilies, guava, pineapple; sprouted grams.
Vitamin A (Retinol)	750 mg	Maintenance of vision and skin; essential for synthesis of visual pigment.	Milk, cheese, butter, eggs, olive oil, carrots, mangoes, papaya, yellow pumpkin, spinach, sweet potato.
Vitamin D	20 mg	Keep teeth and bones healthy, absorption of calcium and phosphorous.	Mild, cheese; egg yolk; fish, fish butter; exposure to sunlight.

(e) Minerals:
These are also micro-nutrient, they play important role in proper functioning and growth of body.
Minerals are the inorganic component that helps proteins in performing normal functions.
Iodine helps in function of thyroxin hormone; minerals promote growth and development of muscles and bones. It helps in maintaining fluid balance and functioning of nervous system.
• Minerals are categorized into two classes: major elements and minor elements on the basis of their daily requirements.
• Examples of major elements are calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine and iron. Examples of minor elements are: iodine, magnesium, cobalt etc.

Minerals : Their Sources and Importance
Minerals	Sources	Importance	Daily Requirement
Iron	Green vegetable like amla, spinach, apple, wheat, jaggery, grains, turnip, meat, eggs.	Formation of hemoglobin	25 – 30 milligram
Calcium	Green vegetables, milk and milk products, eggs.	For strong bones and teeth	1.2 gram
Phosphorous	Eggs, meat, fish, whole, grains, milk	For strong bones and teeth	1.2 gram
Iodine	Sea food and iodized salt	For proper functioning of thyroid gland	20 milligram
Sodium	Table salt, vegetables, processed food	Maintain proper fluid balance, nerve transmission and muscle contraction	2.5 gram
Potassium	Milk, meat, vegetables, fruits	Maintain fluid balance, nerve transmission and muscle contraction	1 gram
Magnesium	Vegetables, legumes, nuts and seeds	Found in bones, important for muscle contraction, importance for protein functioning	Required in very minute amount

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(f) Roughage
It is the fibre present in some food items like fruits and vegetables. Though roughage is not a food, it forms an important part of our diet. Roughage consists mainly of cellulose. Some functions of roughage are
• It helps in bowel movement.
• It cleans our digestive tracts and protects from digestive ailments.
• It prevents constipation.
• It helps in retaining water in the body.
• It helps in maintaining optimum levels of blood sugar and cholesterol

(g) Water:
It is an important constituent of our diet. 75% of an infant body and 70% of an adult body is nothing but water. Various functions of water are as follows
1. Essential for the transport and digestion of food material.
2. Excretes wastes.
3. Maintains the body temperature.
4. Acts as solvent in various reactions in the body.
• Water is obtained by drinking water, fruit juices, milk, tea, coffee, eating vegetables and fruits etc.

(B) Balanced Diet:
To maintain proper health, one needs right type of food in right quantity. The need generally vary with age, sex, type of work and state of body etc. A balanced diet is one that contains all essential nutrients in suitable proportion to provide necessary energy and to keep the body in a healthy state.
A balanced diet has the following qualities
• It meets the nutrient requirement of the body.
• It consists of different types of food items
• It provides adequate amount of energy.

(I) Nutritional Needs for Growing Children:
Growing children need more food in proportion to their body weight. They need
• Extra protein to make new tissues for growth.
• More calcium and phosphorous for formation of bones and muscles cells.
• Vitamin A for development of healthy eyesight.
• Vitamin C for general health.
• Vitamin D for healthy bones.

(II) Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy and Lactation:
A pregnant woman has to feed the developing embryo, therefore, has special need for extra nutrients. Pregnant woman and lactating mothers should take
• Extra protein for tissue growth. More calcium and phosphorous to form bones of the baby.
• More iron for making sufficient blood of the baby.
• More carbohydrates for herself because extra energy is required to carry out all the building processes linked with embryo.

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Now Answer These Questions:

Q1. Which of the following vitamin is not a water soluble vitamin?
(a) Retinol
(b) Thiamine
(c) Riboflavin
(d) Niacin

Q2. Which among the following deficiency disease affects the child below one year ?
(a) Kwashiorkor
(b) Maramus
(c) Cretinism
(d) None of the above

Q3. Identify an inappropriate statement regarding roughage:
(a) Roughage is the digestible portion of food derived from plants.
(b) It helps in easy bowel movement and so keeps the digestive system working well.
(c) It is obtained from fruits, vegetable and the outer covering of cereals.
(d) It is also known as dietary fibre.

Q4. Identify the sources of carbohydrates?
i) Cellulose
ii) Starch
iii) Sugar
iv) Banana
(a) i, ii
(b) ii, iii
(c) iii, iv
(d) All of the above

S1.Ans. (a)
Sol. Retinol in not a water soluble vitamin, it is a fat soluble vitamin. Vitamins which can be dissolved in water are known as water soluble vitamin. These vitamins are not stored in body. Thiamin (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), folate (folic acid), vitamin B12, biotin and pantothenic acid are some of the water soluble vitamins.

S2.Ans. (b)
Sol. Marasmus is a disease which can be caused due to deficiency of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates .
Some of the symptoms of this disease is folded skin, sunken eyes, thin face, thinning of limbs and abdominal walls, retarded physical and mental growth etc.

S3.Ans. (a)
Sol. The correct statement is – roughage is the indigestible portion of food derived from plants. Roughage is not a food, it forms an important part of our diet. It consists mainly of cellulose.

S4.Ans. (d)
Sol. Starch – cereal (wheat, rice, and maize), millets (bajra, jowar, barley and tubers like sweet potato, tapioca, and potatoes) contains good amount of carbohydrates
Sugar – sugarcane, beetroot, fruits, milk, honey etc contains carbohydrates
Cellulose – cellulose are cell wall of fruits, vegetables, and cereals all these contain good amount of carbohydrates.